Salmon fish6/30/2023 exogenous enzymes, bioactive compounds and bioavailable trace metals) that complement plant proteins and help to meet the needs of aquaculture species 15, 16, 17, 18. There has been considerable research on re-formulating aquafeeds using novel ingredients and nutritional supplements (e.g. It has also been shown that different dietary protein sources alter fish gut microbiota 4, 9 and such changes have, at times, been linked to subsequent deterioration in health, immunity and growth 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. phytate, saponins, lectins) and indigestible carbohydrates, as well as less efficient protein digestion and amino acid absorption 8. These shortcomings are often the result of plant proteins possessing anti-nutritional factors (e.g. fatty acids, macro and trace metals), the growth performance obtained is inferior to that of fish fed fishmeal-based diets 2, 4, 5, 7. However, even when aquafeeds high in plant protein ( > 50%) are formulated to provide the required balance of amino acids and other essential nutrients (e.g. They are cost-effective and are often preferred because of the negative consumer perception around the use of terrestrial animal by-products for feeding fish 4, 5, 6. Plant proteins are the most common replacements for fishmeal in aquafeeds. It has been generally found that up to 50% fishmeal protein can be replaced by plant proteins in carnivorous fish diets without any negative effects on growth or fish welfare issues 3. Removing fishmeal from the diets of omnivorous species has been readily achieved, but this has been more difficult to implement in carnivorous fish and crustaceans 2. However, today it is considered both environmentally and ecologically unsustainable and there are societal and economic pressures on the aquaculture industry to find alternative proteins. Its production is based upon wild marine fish of no commercial value 1. Spirochaetes and the families Moritellaceae, Psychromonadaceae, Helicobacteraceae and Bacteroidaceae were all found at significantly lower abundances in the groups fed 80% plant protein diets compared to the control fishmeal diet.įishmeal is generally considered the gold standard dietary protein source for many fish species. Plant protein significantly altered gut microbial composition, significantly decreasing α-diversity. Fish fed the FPH diets (diets C and D) had significantly higher levels of amino acids in their blood, including 48% and 27% more branched chain amino acids compared to fish on the 35% fishmeal diet, respectively. However, partly-hydrolysed protein supplementation allowed fish to grow as well as fish fed the control 35% fishmeal diet. Fish on the 80% plant- 15% fishmeal diet were significantly smaller than fish in the other dietary groups. Fish were fed either (A) a control diet containing 35% fishmeal, (B) an 80% plant protein diet with 15% fishmeal, (C) an 80% plant protein diet with 5% fishmeal and 10% partly hydrolysed protein, or (D) an 80% plant protein diet with 5% fishmeal and 10% soluble protein hydrolysate. The effects of feeding an 80% plant protein diet, with and without fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation, on the growth and gut health of Atlantic salmon were investigated.
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